UnderGround Information
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::UNIX PRIMER PLUS COMMAND REFERENCE:: ::: ::: ::------------------------------:: :: :: :: Created, edited and dist by :: :: :: :: ---* :: :: :: :: Frosty :: :: :: :: GCMS - MechWarriors :: :: :: ::------------------------------:: Starting up ::: --------------- LOGIN - sign on PASSWD - change login password Manipulating Files and Directories ::: -------------------------------------- CAT - concatenate and print CAT [-N,-S,-V] file . . . Options : -N numbers lines starting at 1 -S eliminates multiple, consecutive, blank lines -V prints invisible characters Example : CAT FILE2 displays file2 on terminal. CD, CHDIR - change directory CD CD directoryname Example : CD/USER/REGGIE/HACK places you in the USR/REGGIE/HACK directory CHMOD - change modes or permissions on files CHMOD UGO, + -, RWX file . . . or directory . . . Who : U login owner ( user ) G group O other users Op-Codes : + add permission - remove permission Permissions : R read W write X execute Examples : CHMOD O-RWX PRIVATE removes read, write and execute permissions for others from the file called PRIVATE CP - make copy of files CP[-I] file1 file2 CP[-I] file . . . ( file, file . . . , directory ) Option : -I protects existing files Examples : CP FLIM FLAM makes a copy of the file FLIM and calls it FLAM LN - make a file linds LN file . . . file . . . or file . . . directoryname Example : LN HIST /USR/FRANCIE links the file HIST to the /USR/FRANCIE directory LPR, LPQ and LPRM - use the line printer LPR file . . . LPQ LPRM file . . . Options : These vary from system to system Example : LPR SOME STUFF sends the file SOME and STUFF to the printer LPQ checks the line printer queue LPRM DATA3 removes the file DATA3 from the printer queue LS - list contents of directory LS [-A, C, L, M, R, S, F, R, + others] directory . . . Options : -A list all entries -C list by time of file creation -L list in long format -M list in a stream output -R reverses the order of the listing -S gives the size in blocks -F marks directories with a '/' and executable programs with a '*' ( the -F is capitalized ) -R list recursively any subdirectories ( the -R is capitalized ) Example : LS -C lists contents of current directory in order of time of creation MKDIR - makes a new directory MKDIR directoryname Example : MKDIR CHAPTER4 creates a new subdirectory called CHAPTER4 in the present directory MORE - views long files one screenful at a time MORE file . . . MV - move or rename files MV [-I] filename1 filename2 or filename1 directoryname Option : -I Protects existing files Example : MV GABBY MUDBALL changes the name of the file GABBY to MUDBALL RM - remove a file RM [-I, -R] file . . . Options: -I Protects existing files -R Deletes a directory and every file or directory in it ( be careful ) Example: RM JUNKY removes the file JUNKY RMDIR - removes directories RMDIR directory . . . Example: RMDIR BUDGET65 removes directory BUDGET65 if it does not contain files REDIRECTION OPERATORS -<, >, >> Example: CAT LISTA LISTB >> LISTC appends the files LISTA and LISTB to LISTC PIPES - | Example: CAT LISTA LISTB | LPR joins two files and 'pipes' the result to printer COMMUNICATIONS ::: ------------------ BIFF - notification of mail upon arrival BIFF [Y, N] Example: BIFF Y causes you to be notified the moment mail arrives FINGER - provides information about users FINGER [-M, -L, -S] name Options: -M search only login names -L display long form -S display short form Example: FINGER -S RONNIE finds all users with login name of 'RONNIE' MAIL - receiving mail MAIL Commands: 1, 2, 3 . . . reads message number 1 each time you push 1, etc. P prints the first message D2 deletes message number 2 S3 FILENAME appends message number 3 to FILENAME Q quits mail Other commands may exist on some systems MAIL - sending mail MAIL LOGINNAME(S) Examples: MAIL SCUMMY MANIAX { text of message here } [CONTROL - D] MESG - permit or deny messages from write MESG [-Y, -N] Example: MESG N prevents people from using WRITE to interrupt you WRITE - write to another user WRITE LOGINNAME HOUSEKEEPING UTILITIES ::: -------------------------- CAL - provides a calendar CAL [month] year Example: CAL 05 1942 is the calendar for May 1942 CALENDAR - a reminder service You create a file in your home directory called CALLENDAR. Unix sends you reminders by mail Example: Your CALENDAR file might look like: Break into ATT March 19 Transfer funds to CuD March 20 1992 report due DATE - gives date and time LOCK - reserves your terminal PWD - prints working directory UPTIME - checks system status W - who is on the system and what they are doing W W [-H, -S] user Options: -H suppresses the heading -S short form Example: W -HS TROOPER lists the user, TROOPER, idle time, and job name WHO - who is on the system WHO [AM I] Example: WHO tells who is on the system ON-LINE HELP ::: ---------------- LEARN - computer-assisted lessons Type LEARN to start these lessons MAN - find manual information by keywords MAN [-K] [keyword] Option: -K produces a one-line summary Example: MAN CAT displays the on-line namual explanation of CAT TEXT PROCESSING AND FORMATTING ::: ---------------------------------- ED - line-oriented text editor ED file NROFF - advanced typesetting PR - prints partially formatted file PR [-N, -M, -T] file . . . Options: -N arranges text into n columns -M prints all files in multiple columns -T suppresses heading on each page Example: PR FROSTY prints file FROSTY on the terminal VI - the screen-oriented test editor VI file INFORMATION HANDLING ::: ------------------------ AWK - pattern scanning and processing language CMP - compare two files CMP filename1 filename2 Example: CMP SWASS TROOPER finds and prints by byte and line number the first difference between the two files COMM - finds lines common to two sorted files COMM [-1, -2, -3] file1 file2 Options: -1 don't print the first column -2 don't print the second column -3 don't print the third column Example: COMM FROSTY JUNKY prints three columns. First, lines only in FROSTY, secondly, lines only in file JUNKY, and thirdly, lines in both files DICTION - will print wordy sentences DICTION file . . . DIFF - finds the difference between two files or directories DIFF [-B, -E, -R] file1 file2 or directory1 directory2 Options: -B ignores trailing blanks -E output in the form of ED commands -R apply to directories recursively Example: DIFF GIFT1 GIFT2 shows how to make GIFT1 like GIFT2 FIND - finds designated files and acts upon them FIND pathname search criteria action(s) Search Criteria: -NAME filename files named 'filename' -SIZE n files of size n blocks -LINKS n files with n links -ATIME n files accessed n days ago -MTIME n files modified n days ago -NEWER filename files modified more recently than the file 'filename' ( Note 'n' without a sign means exactly n, '+n' means greater than n, '-n' means less than n ) Actions: -PRINT prints the pathname of the found file -EXEC command \; executes the given command upon finding a file; { } represents the found file -OK command \; same as -EXEC except your approval is requested before each execution; reply with a Y Example: FIND /USR/FROSTY -MTIME -10 -PRINT finds all files in USR/FROSTY directory that have been modified within 10 days and prints pathnames GREP - search a file for a pattern GREP [-N, -I, -C, -W] pattern file Options: -N precedes each matching line with its line number -I ignores the case of letters -C prints only a count of matching lines -W matches only complete words with the pattern Example: GREP -IW PHRACK CODE searches the file PHRACK for the words 'code', 'CODE', 'Code', etc. . . . HEAD - looks at the head of a file HEAD [-N] file . . . Option: -N print 'n' lines Example: HEAD -15 2600 prints the first 15 lines of the file 2600 SORT - sorts and merges files SORT [-B, -D, -F, -N, -O, -R] file . . . Options: -B ignore initial blanks -D 'dictionary' order -F ignores upper and lowercase letters -N sorts numbers by value -O FILENAME outputs to file called FILENAME -R sort in reverse order Example: SORT -FR -O SORTBAG GRABBAG sorts the file GRABBAG in reverse order, ignoring upper and lowercase letters. results stored in SORTBAG SPELL - find spelling errors SPELL file . . . TAIL - gives the last part of a file TAIL [-N] file Option: -N start 'n' lines from the end Example: TAIL -20 EFF prints the last 20 lines of the file EFF UNIQ - remove duplicated UNIQ [-U, -D, -C] inputfile [outputfile] Options: -U prints only lines with no duplicates -D prints one copy of lines with duplicates -C prints number of times line is repeated Example: UNIQ -D CHAOS EO scans the file CHAOS for lines that appear more than once. One copy of each line placed in the file EO WC - word count WC [-L, -W, -C, -P] file . . . Options: -L counts lines -W counts words -C counts characters -P counts pages ( 66 lines ) Example: WC -W MABELL counts the number of words in the file MABELL RUNNING JOBS AND PROGRAMS ::: ----------------------------- AT - execute commands at a later time AT time [day] [file] Example: AT 23 VIRAL runs the commands in the file VIRAL at 11:00 pm CC - compile C programs CC [-C, -O] file . . . Options: -C creates object file suuppressing loading -O filename uses filename for the file A.OUT Example: CC PHREAKER.C compiles PHREAKER.C file, with the executable program placed in A.OUT file F77 - compile FORTRAN programs F77 [-C, -O] file . . . Options: -C creates object file suppressing loading -O filename uses filename for file A.OUT Example: F77 PAYROLL.F compiles PAYROLL.F file, with the executable code placed in A.OUT file JOBS - will list stopped and background jobs JOBS [-L] Option: -L gives long listing that includes process identification number (PID) KILL - will terminate jobs KILL [-9] job number or process ID Option: -9 this is a sure kill Example: KILL %3 or KILL 3492 kills job[3] or PID #3492 PC - compiles Pascal programs PC [-C, -O] file . . . Options: -C creates object code file suppressing loading -O filename uses filename for A.OUT Example: PC E911.P compiles E911.P file, with the executable code placed in A.OUT file PS - the Process Status Report PS [A] Option: A displays PS information for all terminals TEE - split output TEE [-I, -A] file Options: -I ignores interrupts -A sends output to the end of named file Example: LS -L /USR | TEE -A CLUTTER produces the long listing of the /USR directory on the terminal and also appends it to the end of the file CLUTTER TIME - will time a command TIME commandname Example: TIME CC TROJAN.C runs the command CC TROJAN.C and prints execution time when finished ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Produced by: Frosty ---* GCMS - MechWarriors " Educating the Masses " ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Call these other fine BBS' Temple of the Screaming Electron..........415-935-5845 Sirius Cybernetics Corporation............808-521-3306 The Hollow................................415-849-2688 And NUAs Lutzifer.................................26245400080177 LINA.....................................22222800173 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------